The Seljuk Turks created a huge empire that stretched from western China to the Mediterranean and included modern-day Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and parts of Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia and Palestine. SeljuqKirman: 433583: 10411187 It was replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire in 1194. Eventually there would come to be an eastern and western half, with the eastern based at Merv, in modern Turkmenistan, and the western in Rayy (near modern day Tehran), Isfahan, Baghdad, and Hamadhan. Before the Seljuks empire, in period of Samanogullar and Ghaznavids statesmen and rich people were building madrasa. [Source: Suzan Yalman, Department of Education, Based on original work by Linda Komaroff Metropolitan Museum of Art metmuseum.org \^/]. ArtugidMardin line: 497811: 11041408 9. Some served as mercenaries in the private wars of Byzantine nobles and occasionally settled on land they had taken. Majd al-Dawla Rustam: 387420: 9971029 As the power of the Abbasid caliphs diminished, a series of independent and indigenous dynasties rose in various parts of Iran, some with considerable influence and power. They brought a new vigour and unity into Western Asia and put an end to the decadent regime of the Buyids. The Ottoman Empire was founded. ZangidAleppo: 541577: 11461181 Seljuk is a semi-legendary figure who is said to have lived to the patriarchal age of 107, but he seems to have been an able leader, who welded his people into a first-class fighting force and by adroit diplomacy played off one neighbouring prince against another. The first half of the thirteenth century corresponds to the zenith of Seljuk power in Anatolia. In 1095, the Crusaders came to the aid of the Byzantines and helped drive the Seljuks from Iznik and western Anatolia. The Abbasidsthe Arab-Muslim rulers of Bahgdadwere displaced by Turkic-speaking warriors who had been in Central Asia for more than a millennium. [Source: Library of Congress], The First Crusade began in 1095. From its small bridgehead in Anatolia, Osman and his son Orhan (1288-1362) began . [Turkish governor: 490: 1097] Nasir al-Dawla al-Hasan: 31758: 92969 The first great state which carried the name Turk was the Kok-Turk State which extended from Manchuria to the Black Sea and Iran between the A.D. 6th and 8th centuries. This empire was governed by the military who assigned a sultan who kept order. Political power had been split up among the various members of the Buyid family. ThoughtCo. Part 1 follows the gradual transformation of the Seljuqs into a powerful dynasty and their concepts of political legitimisation. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia . Seljuq, also spelled Seljuk, ruling military family of the Ouz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Ralph of Caen, watching the city from the Mount of Olives, saw "the scurrying people, the fortified towers, the roused garrison, the men rushing to arms, the women in tears, the priests turned to their prayers, the streets ringing with cries, crashing, clanging and neighing." All Turkish citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Most historians consider the sermon preached by Pope Urban II at Clermont-Ferrand in November 1095 to have been the spark that fueled a wave of military campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim control. Rukn al-Din Berk-yaruq (Barkiyaruq): 48798: 10941105 The army of Togrul Beg invaded . Seljuk leaders maintained order on the local level through "amirs", nomadic military regimes that were mostly independent and took in revenues mostly for themselves, and "ulumas", Muslim clerics who used their influence to gain political power in a way not unlike modern Ayatollahs. The crusaders wore clothes stitched with crosses and mussel shells, and one of the main leaders was Duke Godfrey of Belgium. J.J. Saunders wrote in A History of Medieval Islam: In the previous age the Byzantines had thrust deep into the heart of Islam, had conquered a good deal of Syria and annexed Armenia to the Empire. Crusaders returned to Europe with spices and perfumes, knowledge of a world outside their own and a taste for the exotic. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, Seljuk-Beg, who was in a high position in the Oghuz Yabgu State. This madrasa could be educated only the wealthy people but in Seljuks period madrasa build for all people. Perhaps he hardly grasped the significance of his victory. The leader married a daughter of Chinese group who united with Turks to break the Juan Juans. They usurped power from the Abbasids and then embraced their culture and conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East. Sacd al-Dawla Sharif I: 35681: 96791 The Seljuks emerged at a time when the Bagdad caliphate was weak and the Muslim world was in chaos and was made a number of shifting independent states that fought among themselves with none eing able to establish dominance until the Seljuks came along. Armenians, Georgians, Abbasids, Qarakhanids and Gaznawids were now the vassals of the Seljuk sultans. This empire had trade links with China, Iran and the Byzantines and left behind inscriptions and an unusual alphabet on stones in Mongolia. 9021009). The conquest of much of the Middle East by the Seljuks, who founded an empire extending from Central Asia to the Mediterranean, influenced inter alia the situation of its Jewish subjects.. Ilyasid: 320357: 932968 Konya was the capital of the Seljuk Empire, so all the roads were designed to reach this city. They found a lance and this inspired them to drive off the Turks and eventually capture Jerusalem. Dynasty, Ruler, Muslim dates A.H., Christian dates A.D. They were born in a small village of Iran, Radka. Ziyarid: 315483: 9271090 cAla' al-Din Kay Qubadh III (3rd reign): 700702: 13013 Shifting to wet agriculture brought about the need for a better organized society. The Seljuks followed the gazis into Anatolia in order to retain control over them. He is also writing an intellectual book named "Siyasat Nama" (book of government) Seljuk Empire. [Source: J.J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 1965), chap. The Great Seljuk Sultanate was based in Iran, Iraq, and central Asia from between about 1040-1157. The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turko-Persian empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. Conversion to Islam and the imposition of the language, mores, and customs of the Turks progressed steadily in the countryside, facilitated by intermarriage. Although places like Cairo, Samarkand and Cordova were not under Seljuk rule they were able to prosper due to stability in the Muslim world and independence at home. They came to a special relationship with the Muslim caliph, who at the time was very weak and needed military support. Tugrul forced the caliph (the spiritual leader of Islam) to recognize him as sultan, or temporal leader, in Persia and Mesopotamia. Nur al-Din Ismacil: 56977: 117481 The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ s l t k / SEL-chuuk; Persian: Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. This book surveys that period, which was one of exceptional importance, witnessing profound demographic, religious, political and social changes in the Islamic Middle East. Ghiyath al-Din Mascud II (3rd reign): 693700: 12941301 Qutlugh Khans: 619706: 12221306, SeljuqRum: 470707: 10771307 The Crusaders then took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles all over the Holy Land to protect their new territories, , while also establishing churches loyal to Rome. They lost much of the eastern part of their empire to Khwarezm in 1194, and the Mongols finished off the Seljuk remnant kingdom in Anatolia in the 1260s. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. Mucizz al-Din Sanjar: 51152: 111857 The strongest of these tribes was the Seljuks. SeljuqRum: see below under Asia Minor: Nasir al-Din Mahmud: 61619: 121922 Interactions with the Environment medieval history, with the creation of a barrier to protect their empire and conquering the . It was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037. Politically, the Seljuks were to play Shoguns to the Caliph's Mikado. Isma'ilian propaganda helped to undermine its authority. By 1100 the best days of the Seljuks were over, and it was precisely at this Juncture that the Franks chose to launch against Islam the strange Christian counter-offensive which we know as The Crusades. \=\, The Seljuk empire was divided into states in the 12th century: one was ruled by Seljuks and the other by Mamluks (a military caste of former Turk, Kurd and Circassian slaves). Sayf al-Din Ghazi I: 54144: 114649 All the Turkic tribes converted to Islam except for the reindeer herding Yakuts in Siberia and the Chuvash in the Volga region of Russia, but the wolf mythology stayed with them. The main branch of the Seljuk house, the so-called Great Seljuks, maintained control over Iran. Malik-Shah could not tolerate this, and gave his brother Tutush charge of the Syrian front. Eyewitness accounts attest to the terror of battle. So the Seljuk empire was governed by Ethnic Turkic people. The territory, controlled by the Seljuks between 10811308, was never exactly defined, and it never included all of what is today modern Turkey. The political was based on the Islam laws, the government was militar. World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); Arab News, Jeddah; Islam, a Short History by Karen Armstrong; A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Faber and Faber, 1991); Encyclopedia of the World Cultures edited by David Levinson (G.K. Hall & Company, New York, 1994). ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/who-were-the-seljuks-195399. The crusaders answered back by catapulting heads of victims they had killed over the wall. The Mamluks occupied Egypt and the Holy Land until the Ottomans took over.. [Source: Library of Congress, January 1995 *]. Rm is a formable nation that can be formed by any Turkish country other than the Ottomans that manages to assert dominance over Anatolia. They formed a tolerant government and contrary to popular belief, were not instigated to persecute Christians by their Islamic policies. With the Byzantine field-army gone, the Turks spread over the central plateau, so well adapted for pastoral settlement; in the struggles for the throne which now ensued, rival pretenders hired Turkish troops, and in this way the nomads got possession of towns and fortresses they could never have taken otherwise. After Mahmud's death in 1030, the rest of the tribe, led by Arslan's nephews Tughril-Beg and Chaghri-Beg, after encamping for a time in Khwarazm, along the lower Oxus, pushed their way into Khurasan and in 1036 seize Merv and Nishapur. They make a barrier against the Mongols invaders and the european crusaders. It never developed into a Papacy, for the interpretation of the law and the faith had long passed to the ulama, the canonists and judges. "Alp Arslan stands out a not unattractive figure, his name indissolubly connected with the momentous battle which turned Asia Minor into a Turkish land. With the support of the Byzantine emperor, the knights, guided by Armenian Christians (57.185.3), tenuously marched to Jerusalem through Seljuk-controlled territories in modern Turkey and Syria. The best known of these institutions was the Nizamiya Madrasa in Baghdad, named after Nizam al-Mulk and dedicated by him in 1067. The Great Seljuk Sultanate was based in Iran, Iraq, and central Asia from between about 10401157. At its peak, the Seljuk Empire covered areas from western Anatolia, the Levant, and many areas in Central Asia. It ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to the 14th centuries. Anatolia, formerly a hinterland of the Islamic world, was developed under the Seljuks as they introduced new forms of imperial architecture and style and embarked on expansive building projects. The empire collapsed in the mid-12th century, but its successor states persisted independently in places like Anatolia, Syria and northern Mesopotamia into the early 14th century. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Gender roles . But they were staunch admirers of everything persian and kicked out the turkic Ghaznavids who overthrew the Samanids. Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw I (2nd reign): 6017: 120410 The most powerful and radical of these Sufi sects were the Ismaili, also known as the Assassins, a medieval terrorist groups the seized Seljuk strongholds, and murdering leading amirs. So their patronization of everything persian was a good thing for the natives. Near Constantinople thousands were killed in an ambush. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qnq branch of Oghuz Turks. Qawam al-Dawla: 40319: 101228 Malik-Shah was a more cultivated man than his father and great-uncle, who were essentially rough tribal chiefs, and he wisely entrusted the civil administration to the great Persian minister usually known by his title Nizam al-Mulk, 'order of the kingdom'. His suzerainty was recognized from Kashgar to the Yemen, but risings and disturbances were not uncommon in his vast dominions, and he was obliged to leave to others the conduct of operations against the Byzantines and the Fatimids. The Seljuk dynasty began declining at the end of the 11th century. In 1261 Michael Palaeologus of Nicaea drove the Latins from Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire, but as an essentially Balkan state reduced in size to Thrace and northwestern Anatolia. A. C. S Peacock. An Empire is the highest tier of landed titles in Crusader Kings II, above kingdom. al-Malik al-Rahim Khusraw-Firuz: 44047: 104855 By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The arrest exascerbated an already-existing division between Seljuk supporters: a few thousand called themselves the 'Iraqiyya and migrated westward to Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia, eventually forming the Seljuk sultanate; many more remained in Khurasan, and after many battles, went on to establish the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks proceeded to unify the Muslim world again by conquering Iraq and eastern Asia Minor. cAla' al-Din Kay Qubadh I: 61634: 121937 He treated the captive Emperor with courtesy, and when the ransom money was paid sent him home with a Turkish escort. The Mongols destroyed Baghdad and a number of other great Muslim cities. Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi: 54169: 114674 To create or usurp an empire, a character needs to: Control at least 80% of its de jure territory To Arp Aslan, Tugril Beg's nephew and (on his uncle's death in 1063) his successor, that included both Christian Byzantium and the Shiite Fatimid dynasty then ruling Egypt. Kay Ka'us II / Rukn al-Din Qilich Arslan IV (joint rule): 64647: 124849 American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century Shapell Manuscript Foundation shapell.org/historical-perspectives/exhibitions ; cAdud al-Dawla Alp-Arslan: 45565: 106372 The true culprit was a series of strategic and tactical mistakes that led to the collapse of Byzantine influence in Asia Minor, a blow they would never recover from. NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review Sharif II: 394: 1004 Aydinid: 708829: 13081425 Mamluk, also spelled Mameluke, slave soldier, a member of one of the armies of slaves established during the Abbasid era that later won political control of several Muslim states. About 950 a number of clans withdrew from the Ghuzz confederacy, and settled in and around Jand, along the lower reaches of the Jaxartes, under a chief named Seljuk. The Seljuk Empire or Seljuq Empire (Turkish: Byk Seluklu Devleti; Persian: , Daulat-i-Saljuqian; English: Seljuq Empire) was a medieval Turkish empire that lasted from 1037 to 1194 AD. *, J.J. Saunders wrote in A History of Medieval Islam: The Emperor Romanus Diogenes had resolved on a desperate effort to clear the Turkish raiders out of his dominions, and at the head of a motley army of mercenaries, including Normans from the west and Pechenegs and Uzes (Turkish tribes) from southern Russia, he marched eastwards into Armenia. Rukn al-Din Mascud I: 51051: 111656 For forty Fridays the khutba was recited in the Abbasid capital in the name of Mustansir of Cairo. cUqaylid: 380489: 9901096 The urban merchant class resented the loss of trade and the arrogance of the military aristocracy. Their coming had produced something of a social crisis in the Persian and Arab lands. Asia Minor and Turkey Karakhanids are credited with converting Central Asia to Islam. By 1055, they controlled all of Persia and Iraq as far as Baghdad. The Turks drove towards the Byzantine frontiers, partly by design, partly by accident. The cleavage widened, however, between the unruly gazi warriors and the state-building bureaucracy in Konya. The Crusades gave trade during the Middle Ages a big push. Rukn al-Dunya wa-l-Din Toghril I (Tughril): 42955: 103863 cAdud al-Dawla Fana-Khusraw: 33872: 94983 Konya (Turkish pronunciation: ) is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province.During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium (Greek: ), although the Seljuks also called it Dar'l-Mlk, meaning "seat of government".In 19th-century accounts of the city in English its name is . KhwarazmshahAfrighid: ?385: ?995 Seljuk gave his name to both the Seljuk empire and the Seljuk dynasty. Seljuk Basic Data Religion Sunni Culture Turkmeni (Oghuz) Tech Group Middle Eastern (until 650) Muslim (since 650) Government Autocracy Government Rank Kingdom Country Development 69 (start) Capital Province Nishapur (436) (until 1043) Rey (428) (1043 - 1051) Isfahan (429) (1051 - 1118) Hamadan (414) (since 1118) Technical Data Tag SEL Around A.D. 1000, they began moving south in search of fresh grazing lands. At first only a few Seljuks entered Asia Minor, but when they defeated the Byzantines at Malazgirt the floodgates opened and waves of Turkish immigrants poured in. cImad al-Din Marzuban: 41940: 102848 It was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037. By 1055, the Seljuks had reached and taken over Baghdad, which put an end to Buyid rule, and established themselves as the new protectors of the Abbasid caliphate and Sunni Islam. Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw II: 63444: 123746 Under Seljuk protection the champions of Sunnite Islam launched a strong propaganda drive against heretics and deviators from the true faith: madrasas or 'college-mosques' were founded in the principal cities for the instruction of students in fikh (Islamic jurisprudence), according to the teaching of the four orthodox schools. The Seljuk Empire was a medieval empire that existed between the 11th and 12th centuries. Szczepanski, Kallie. The y helped make the Muslim world stringer by allowing the regions to serve a Muslim hierarchy but maintain a degree of autonomy that stretched beyond Seljuk territory. It added a third nation, after the Arabs and Persians, to the dominant races of Islam; it prolonged the life of the moribund Cali phate for another two hundred years, it tore Asia Minor away from Christendom and opened the path to the later Ottoman invasion of Europe, it allowed the orthodox Muslims to crush the Ismailian heresy, and provoked in reprisal the murderous activities of the Assassins; it put an end to the political domination of the Arabs in the Near East, it spread the language and culture of Persia over a wide area from Anatolia to Northern India, and by posing a grave threat to the Christian Powers, it impelled the Latin West to undertake the remarkable counter-offensive of The Crusades. [Source: J.J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 1965), chap. The Seljuks were tolerant of race, religion and gender and ruled over a population comprising of Greek speaking Christians and a . Although successful in the west, the Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad reeled under attacks from the Mongols in the east and was unable--indeed unwilling--to exert its authority directly in Anatolia. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the eastern Islamic world and played a key. Part 3 explores how religious thought, jurisprudence, belles-lettres and architecture developed under the Seljuqs. The price paid was the creation of a military dictatorship, Badr, with the title of Amir al-Juyush, 'Commander of the Armies,' replacing the civilian wazir, and the Caliph being reduced almost to the level of the Abbasids under Buyid rule. cIzz al-Din Qilich Arslan III: 600601: 1204 Fulad-Sutun (Fars only): 44754: 105562, BuyidKirman: 324440: 9361048 Ghiyath al-Din Mascud II (4th reign): 7024: 13035 Ninth century stelae in Mongolia show young Turkic children suckling from the teats of a mother wolf like Romulus and Remus, and the Osmanli Turks, the forbears of the Ottomans, marched with banners depicting a wolf's head when they conquered their way from Central Asia to the outskirts of Constantinople. The chroniclers of the time draw a sharp contrast between the Sultans and their people: 'Their princes are warlike, provident, firm, just and distinguished by excellent qualities: the nation is cruel, wild, coarse and ignorant.' cAla' al-Din Tekish: 567: 1172 Encyclopedia of the Worlds Religions edited by R.C. The Seljuk Turks were nomadic horsemen who converted to Islam and recognized the Abbasid caliph. \=\, In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks established a small sultanate on Anatolia call Rum (Rome). The established a large empire that stretched from Kazakhstan to western China and embraced three important cities: Balasagun (present-day Buruna in Kyrzgzstan), Talas (present-day Tara in Kazakhstan) and Kashgar. Samsam al-Dawla Marzuban: 37288: 98398 He helped launch the successful assault of Jerusalem that was staged three years after the crusaders left their homelands. Further conquests followed, creating an empire that was geographically vast, diverse, and difficult to control. 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