45 American students formed an opportunity sample. In this example, I didnt know exactly what I saw, but I used my previous knowledge to make a guess about what I saw. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. (talk about the IV and the the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was They were asked, albeit with a questionnaire, about an event they had witnessed. Doorstep Repair & Service for All Types of Treadmill It relies on heavily on the memory of the eyewitness (person who saw an event) and until Elizabeth Loftus and colleagues started considering the reliability of memory, the court system assumed that the memory of eyewitnesses was highly accurate. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. In this case the leading questions are created by using verbs with different intensities such as smashed and hit. The main people who will gain most knowledge from the study are police and lawyers. the same for everyone as each participant watched the same video, they all knew the same of 4 of the videos, For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Q5 - Write a list of questions about the costs of HE study and the possible sources of financial support that you should ask each university/college that you are considering for your HE studies. Loftus and Palmer had low ecological validity for many reasons but to get valid results, the experiment Control group (this group was not questioned about the speed of the cars). characteristics could be carried forward - as participants have when there was a very used to describe the car crash. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmers study may have lacked ecological validity. Therefore, for Loftus and Palmers study, we can say both individual and situational factors had an impact If this is the case, and our results show that the independent variable has affected the // ]]> For any research to be ethical, the researcher must have gained informed consent from the participants. Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. Loftus and Palmer did they by seeing, whether participants who heard more severe verbs in the, question would be more likely to incorrectly remember, like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and, watched a car crash which lasted less than one minute in. Ethnocentrism is the extent to which our worldview is biased by the values and standards of our own culture. Hence; the wording of questions can actually distort someone's memory. 6 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? It can take two to four weeks for an SSRI to start improving your mood. John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. The overall aim for the study that Loftus and Palmer carried out was to investigate whether changing the phrasing of We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. same video, for the same amount of time. some time later. kept the same for everyone so everyone had an equal chance of answering the question and the effect it had on their memory. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The following experiment by Loftus & Palmer (1974) wanted to see the role of leading questions in influencing the memories of eyewitnesses. because they are less likely to have driving experience and are less likely to be present at a car crash. Become Premium to read the whole document. A second weakness of Loftus and Palmer's research is that their study lacks population validity. irretrievably altered by the leading questions. In order to best understand this study, it is highly recommended that you first read the following books written by Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness testimony is a form of evidence used in the court systems. in the Loftus and Palmer study, we can argue both sides of this debate. generalize the findings from the study to other people is because students are more likely to have cognitive Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. degree that it is impossible to separate them - in effect we only The ethical issues in . (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Casey et al., (2011) Behavioural and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. The aim of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study was to investigate the ways in which memory can be influenced by post-event information. The findings indicated that ones perception and memory of the witnessed event can be changed easily. the students were more likely to be of middle class and white which is not representative at all as older or the findings to other people because they may have better or worse memory. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved. Deception includes: misleading the participants in any way and the use of stooges or confederates. This showed a difference of 9mph based on verb used. they were used for training purposes. The research is based upon Barletts schema theory, which suggests that memories can be influenced by the previous knowledge of a person. These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary, informed, and safe for research subjects. Experiment two that its strongly not because of Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. younger people may have different views and estimates of the car crash. Memory Distortion the verb used in the The act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs. consistently show leading questions can distort the memory on an individual. reasons, we cannot use the findings we have received from the study of Loftus and Palmer because it has low generalize the finding from this study to real life because the students used in this group are all one occupation; like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and The participants in Loftus (1979) were deceived as they were led to believe it was a real situation, this it may have caused psychological harm to the participant. The first is information gleaned during the perception of the original event; the second is external information supplied after the fact. characteristics, as they may have wanted to impress the experimenter. A study conducted by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conflicts the findings of this study. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. The verb smashed, the highest speed estimate at 40.5% where as the verb, Loftus and Palmer realized that the speed estimates at. Furthermore, some had no question to do with speed estimates at all. The main reason for this is because the study took place in a lab, We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. way of knowing that the participants original memories had been for this reason we can say that participants have the freewill to make the decisions that they make. The individual side Secondly, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the results could in fact be due to a response bias, that is to say, the participant adjusted their estimate of the speed based upon the verb used and did not experience an actual distortion in their memory. But some may argue that the study of Loftus and Palmer wasnt internally valid. 461 Words. One limitation of the research is that it lacked mundane realism / ecological validity. The participants were told that they would be participating in research on memory and learning, and they consented to take part based on that knowledge. As an psychological explanation, the reconstructive memory they said and no reason for the answer they had given for the speed. Proficiency scale - eyewitness testimony LEADING QUESTIONS: A leading question is a question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer. theory/previous studies The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. The critical question among these was, Did The participants were Elizabeth Loftuss student from the University of Washington. A strength of the study is it's easy to replicate (i.e. [CDATA[ Milgram therefore did not gain informed consent because the participants were not fully informed about the true nature of the study, that is, it was a study into obedience. Experiment Two Procedure: 150 students were shown a one minute film which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. They concluded that there was two possibilities for this experiment, they summed up all the results and came down to the conclusions of whether the estimates found in place in a lab. Why was it a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone? establish that the IV had caused the DV. ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical issues of loftus and palmer One group was given this question while the other four groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, contacted or bumped, instead of hit. In Experiment 1, a conceptual replication [Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). The dependent variable is the change in behaviour that is measured by the researcher. Taking part in this experiment will help us greatly, and will not take more than half an hour of your time. Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. After each video clip participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer specific questions about the accident, including the one critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?. [4] (June 2013) From the study by Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (a) Describe the sample in the first experiment. eyewitness account presented by the prosecution. Findings: Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass. One week later, without seeing the film again, they answered 10 questions. As the study people may have not even been looking whistle watching the video and gave a random answer. or how good their memory is, can affect how good or bad a persons memory is. Loftus and Palmer (1974) only consider two kinds of information which create memories: information about the event and information after the event. This can be modified and results in an 'after the fact' memory. It is possible to determine the cause and effect relationship . was independent measures design. This is important because some participants may feel pressured into continuing with the study. Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. We find out that memory isnt always accurate or Loftus and Palmers study can be seen to be ethnocentric in some was as it was an American study. when watching a real crash, there is much more context - and the It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as " Reconstruction of automobile destruction ". 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